In Hungary archaeogenetics is very developed, Hungarian geneticists have the most modern machines and the results are checked and supervised in international labs in the USA, Germany… Hungarian scientists recently increased the archaeogenetics database of the full world by ~10% uploading 265 genomes. Finally, it was proved by science, that old Hungarians are a mix of Scythians, Sarmatians, and Huns exactly as old medieval documents say, and the Huns also were mostly Europids. The vast majority of old Hungarians also were Europids.
Priscus was a 5th-century Eastern Roman diplomat and Greek historian. Priscus was on a diplomatic mission in the court of Attila the Hun. Priscus called Attila as a Scythian. Also, many medieval sources state the Huns were Scythians.
Scythian tribes moved east, archeologists found a lot of blonde mummies in the Tarim Basin in Western China. The Asian Scythians played a key role in the formation of the Asian Hun Empire. The predominantly European-looking Asian Scythians merged with the local population in East Asia and southern Siberia, followed by other European Sarmatians during the Xiongnu period, later Alan elements. The Asian Hun Empire had a civil war and the losing Xiongnu tribes belonged largely to the Europid anthropological type who were displaced to Central Asia in the first century. Expanding to the west they integrated the related Sarmatian tribes and mixed with Sakas, and then they suddenly emerged as European Huns. Genetic continuity is detected between Xiongnu and European Huns.
The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians:
Published: May 25, 2022
The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians
Archaeogenetics study by French academics:
DNA of the Asian Huns (Xiongnu):
“Our findings confirmed that the Xiongnu had a strongly admixed mitochondrial and Y-chromosome gene pools and revealed a significant western component in the Xiongnu group studied.”
"We propose Scytho-Siberians as ancestors of the Xiongnu and Huns as their descendants.”
“East Eurasian R1a subclades R1a1a1b2a-Z94 and R1a1a1b2a2-Z2124 were a common element of the Hun, Avar and Hungarian Conqueror elite and very likely belonged to the branch that was observed in our Xiongnu samples. Moreover, haplogroups Q1a and N1a were also major components of these nomadic groups, reinforcing the view that Huns (and thus Avars and Hungarian invaders) might derive from the Xiongnu as was proposed until the eighteenth century but strongly disputed since.”
Another international genetic study:
137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes:
137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes - Nature
“Scythians admixed with the eastern steppe nomads who formed the Xiongnu confederations, and moved westward in about the second or third century BC, forming the Hun traditions in the fourth–fifth century AD.”
Another archaeogenetics study by French academics, Tamir Ulaan Khoshuu, Asian Hun cemetery in Asia:
Xiongnu Y-DNA connects Huns & Avars to Scytho-Siberians:
Xiongnu Y-DNA connects Huns & Avars to Scytho-Siberians | Indo-European.eu
The study is confirming the presence of Andronovo or Scytho-Siberian ancestry in the Asian Huns. Moreover, these haplotypes also matched those of ancient Hungarian rulers, which indicate the persistence of some Asian Hun paternal lineages in the gene pool of early Hungarian conquerors. Close matches were also found with Scytho-Siberians. The database search also revealed a shared haplotype between a Hun person in the cemetry and King Béla III of Hungary (1172–1196), one of the most significant rulers of the first Hungarian dynasty as well as a matching haplotype between an another Asian Hun person in the cemetry and another male individual found in the Royal Basilica in Hungary where King Béla III was buried. More Asian Hun individuals also carried haplotypes similar to those carried by the 10th century Hungarian conquerors and by 7–8th century Avar individuals. The genetic study suggests that some modern subclades, those related to Avars or Hungarian Conquerors became first integrated among Scythians. The Eurasian R1a subclades R1a1a1b2a-Z94 and R1a1a1b2a2-Z2124 were a common element of the Hun, Avar and Hungarian conqueror elite and belonged to the branch that was observed in Asian Hun samples. Moreover, similar haplogroups were also major components of these groups, reinforcing the view that Huns, Avars and Hungarian conquerors derive from the Asian Huns as was proposed until the 18th century and declared in medieval documents.
Szolad, there is a Necropolis at Lake Balaton in Hungary:
Genetics found the same genetic sample from a Bronze Age individual like the Hungarian royal Árpád/Turul dynasty has.
Longobards from Scandinavia, and the "Ural-Altaic" Árpád lineage | Indo-European.eu
The same DNA which had King Béla III of Hungary was found both in the Asian Hun cemetery in Asia and in a Bronze Age cemetery in the Carpathian Basin in today's Hungary. Which also proved the continuous migrations of the steppe folks in the steppe zone. Archaeogenetics proved the Hungarian conquerors had a very mixed genetics, they had Asian and mostly European genomes.
The composition of today's Hungarian genetics matches with the base population of the Carpathian Basin that has been there for thousands of years, there are many 4000-6000 years old local genetic samples that match with today's Hungarian population. The Carpathian Basin was connected to the steppe zone, according to the genetic studies, there is a genetic continuity from the Bronze Age, continuous migration of the steppe folks from east to the Carpathian Basin.
The horses were domesticated in the Eurasian Steppes. The domestication of horses got a huge impact on the development of human civilization. The most western part of the steppe zone is the Carpathian Basin. The Scythian nations moved east to conquer the eastern regions, they controlled the full steppe area. But there were many comebacks in many waves such as the Huns, the Avars, the Hungarians. The Carpathian Basin had constantly a base population and according to the latest archaeogenetics results, this base population had relationship with the returning nations.
It was a continuous movement of the horse archer steppe nations between the west and the east in the past. Between the Carpathian Basin and the Tarim Basin and further the Ordos region. And the core were the Scythians. If a horseman starts to ride from the Carpathian Basin (Great Hungarian Plain, Hungary), then he could reach the Tarim Basin (Northwest China) within a year because the steppe connects these areas.
According to genetic researches, the Hungarian conquerors had many genomes from the Huns, the Hun cultural impact could be more significant. The proto-Hungarians and Huns admixed around 300, later the old Hungarians integrated more additional Hun remains on their way through the steppe zone. This means there were original Huns among the Hungarian conquerors who represented the population of the former Hun Empire. The genetic studies proved the Hun, the Avar, and the Hungarian populations were present during the centuries together in that huge steppe zone, and genetic continuity was detected between them, that is a kinship relationship can be demonstrated.
The power center of the western part of the steppe zone was the Carpathian Basin, it was a constant presence in the Carpathian Basin, it was a connection system with the steppe zone. And if this power center weakened for example due to the Romans, or the Germans, or the Franks, then the relative folks always came to help and restore the local political and military control. The Huns of Attila came, the Avars came, and when the Avar state collapsed the folk of Árpád (Hungarian conquerors) came.
Actually, the Hungarian royal genome, the Árpád genome mutated first in the Carpathian Basin 5900 years ago, and from there moved to Bashkiria and to many other directions and which later returned back in many waves.
King Saint Ladislaus I of Hungary (Reign: 1077–1095)
Genetic continuity was detected between the 9–10th century Hungarian conquerors and King Saint Ladislaus. According to the MyTrueAncestry the closest ancient samples are the Scythian samples to King Saint Ladislaus.
According to the MyTrueAncestry the most similar haplogroups were found in the local Carpathian Basin, in Scythian, and in Hun samples to King Saint Ladislaus. (Medieval sources also claimed the Sarmatians, Huns, and Avars were Scythians, and recent genetic studies also confirmed that the Asian Huns formed by the Scythians who moved east, but they later came back and became European Huns and they mixed more with additional Scythians.)
The DNA of the Hungarian King: (Béla III of Hungary, reign 1172–1196)
Published: 07 July 2020
These modern genetic tests prove the Scythian-Hun origin of the Árpád/Turul dynasty exactly as all old Hungarian medieval chronicles claimed.
Herodotus:
“The Ister [Danube] is the largest river of all we know... It is the first of the rivers in Scythia to flow from the west it became the largest for such a reason, as other rivers flow into it...”
The Scythians became a nomadic culture based on possessing domesticated horses. Their culture was based on using horses, and by the 7th century BC, Scythians had become one of the first peoples to ride mounted. The Scythians invented the earliest saddle, probably their greatest contribution to civilization.
According to a recent DNA study, the old Hungarians were less homogeneous than today's Hungarians in the conquering Hungarian period. The blood oath was a Scythian tradition and many tribes together became a new nation by this tradition.
The blood oath was, according to tradition, a pact among the leaders of the seven Hungarian tribes.
Nowadays many people and many Hungarians make a personal DNA test, based on these results, compared with an archaeogenetic database the Hungarians have this Scythian connection that was claimed in the medieval literature.
Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin:
A significant part of the Hungarian conqueror elite completely lacked the "proto-Ugric" heritage, instead showing themselves to be of Hun or Avar descent, with varying degrees of Iranian (Alan) and local admixture.
According to modern genetic studies, the vast majority of old Hungarians were Europids. Even a lot of Hungarian conquerors had blue eyes, light brown, red and blonde hair:
All old medieval Hungarian chronicles say: Hungarians = Huns and Scythians, Attila is King of the Huns and King of Hungary, Székelys (Hungarian subgroup in Transylvania) = the remnant of Huns, the Hungarian royal dynasty is the direct descendant of King Attila.
The contemporary Byzantine sources say: Avars = Turks, Avars = Scythians, Hungarians = Turks, Hungarians = Scythians, King Attila = Scythian (Priscus), King Attila = Avar (Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus), Hungarians = Sabirs (Hun tribe).
The contemporary other foreign sources say: Huns = Avars = Hungarians, King Attila = Scythian, Huns = Scythians, Huns = Avars, Avars = Hungarians, Hungarians = Scythians, Hungarians = Bashkirs.
According to the recent modern DNA studies, the old Hungarians were a less homogeneous group than the today's Hungarians in the conquering Hungarian period. The blood oath was a Scythian tradition that was used by the Hungarian chieftains and many tribes together became a new nation by this custom. It means the old authors did not make mistake when they named the old Hungarians in various names, because the old Hungarians were a confederation in which were Scythian, Hun, Avar, Turkic… tribes too. According to the genetic studies we can also see there is no Finno-Ugric connection, but we can also see the old Hungarians were mostly Europids like today's Hungarians. The old Hungarians also mixed with the local Avars who survived the Frank and the Bulgarian occupation. They also mixed with Slavs and later many Germans were invited and settled in Hungary during the centuries. Many of today's Hungarians have also some Celtic genetics, which means all previous people who lived in the territory of the Carpathian Basin got an impact on today’s Hungarian genetics, so the ancestors of today’s Hungarians are living a long time ago in the Carpathian Basin.
The Anglo-Saxon 'Cotton' world map from 1040. This old map calls the territory of the Hungarian Kingdom: “Hunorum gens” = “Hun race”
The Huns ruled the Carpathian Basin around 370-470, then after Attila when the Hun empire collapsed, the Huns moved back to Scythia according to Hungarian sources, the Byzantine sources also write about the Huns above the Black Sea and in the Caucasus 100 years after the death of King Attila. But according to the medieval chronicles, the Szekelys (Hungarian subgroup in Transylvania) are the remaining Huns in Transylvania who joined the other Hungarians to conquer back Pannonia when the Hungarians came back from Scythia. The same horse archer Avars also ruled the full Carpathian Basin around 560-820 and many contemporary high-ranked authors write Avars = Huns. Old Hungarian chronicles also say the Huns and son of Attila with the Hephthalite Huns moved back to the Carpathian Basin at the same timeline as the Avar appearance, just the Hungarian chronicles do not use the “Avar” word, just call them simple Huns, Hungarians or Scythians. In the 9th century when the Avar state was destroyed by the Franks and Bulgarians, old contemporary authors mention that the Avar population remained, this was confirmed by archaeology, even Hungarian archaeologists found more Avar graves than old Hungarian graves, and the items in the late Avar graves are identical with the items in the old Hungarian graves. Old Hungarian chronicles say the horse archer Hungarians came back to the Carpathian Basin from Scythia, the son of the most noble prince of Scythia was Almos, under his leadership the Hungarians moved to the Carpathian Basin and his son Grand Prince Arpad conquered the Carpathian Basin and founded Hungary around 895. Arpad claimed he is the direct descendant of the great Hun leader Attila. Also, many high-ranked (popes, emperors, priests, saints…) foreign old contemporary authors said: Hun = Avar = Hungarian = Scythian. This Anglo-Saxon map calls “Land of the Hun race/clan/nation” the territory of the Hungarian Kingdom at the time of King Saint Stephen of Hungary (reign: 997–1038) after 600 years later of King Attila the Hun (died: 453). This is a really long period, but at that time they knew well that time the Hungarians are the descendant of the Huns.
Some contemporary sources: