• Storage media failure: Fading disc memory. Magnetic hard discs must be refreshed after about 5 years, flash memory cells after 10 years. Earlier storage media like rewritable CDs and DVDs had some fading and scratches.
• Transfer errors: While transferring over WiFi and WAN. These media have error detection mechanisms built in, but they are not 100%. Also abortions can occur and leave media back that are missing blocks.
• Bugs: Software like file systems can have errors that either store blocks on the wrong places or even clear blocks. I experienced one first hand when Windows run out of hard disc space. Empty blocks were written to more dozends of places.

From black and blank screens through corrupted files and dead pixels to missing audio, video errors refer to any problem related to the video file or playback. If you can’t open the file, or it opens but plays differently from how it should, you’re dealing with a video error.

Causes of Video Errors

• Incomplete Downloads: Interruptions during downloading can leave the file incomplete or corrupted.
• File Transfer Errors: Errors during copying or moving files between devices can corrupt them.
• Hardware Malfunctions: Problems with storage devices like hard drives or memory cards can corrupt files, often due to bad sectors or physical damage.
• Software Issues: Problems with media players, codecs, or editing software can lead to corruption.
• Virus or Malware Infections: Malicious software can infect files, causing corruption or damage.
• Improper Shutdowns: Power outages or abrupt shutdowns during recording or saving can corrupt files.
• Codec Problems: Incompatible or outdated codecs used for encoding or decoding files can lead to corruption.
• File System Corruption: Damage to the file system where the files are stored can corrupt them.
• Overheating: Overheating of devices during recording or processing can lead to corruption.
• Physical Damage: Physical damage to storage media, such as scratches on discs, can corrupt files.

Yes.

File-based transmission of malware is based on the decoder having a bug or other exploitable flaw, where if you pass it an intentionally malformed file, it can exploit the flaw, and inject code into the system doing the decoding. This works exactly the same for image files, video files, word processing files, and so on.

All Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel viruses were based on this principle.

For most of you, that means they infect, either temporarily, or permanently, your browser.

Vulnerable renderer = exploit files fed to the renderer = payload injection into the renderer; doesn’t matter what browser it is, or if it’s Word, Excel, Adobe Reader, or the libtiff TIFF file rendering library on Linux or BSD machines, or elsewhere.

The first major iPhone jailbreak, in fact, exploited libtiff, and since it predated role based accounts, once it owned the browser, it owned the entire iPhone filesystem.

It was relatively benign: it installed an App installer from the iPhone Dev Team, developed by a lot of the other, later jailbreaks used a flaw originally discovered on Sony smart and feature phones, which used Samsung CPUs; there was a buffer overflow flaw in the cryptographic signature verification burnt into ROM on the CPUs themselves — totally impossible to fix.

Ωt the baseband firmware in a Samsung chipset, so you plug in the SIM? And the SIM roots the application space on the phone, by using another buffer overflow in the program that talks to the baseband radio chip.

You can never be 100% safe on the Internet.

Get over it, and make yourself a small as possible target, and an uninteresting target, and they will go after other people.

Can a virus infect an mp3/video file?
No. Since mp3 or video files are not self executing programs but just data files, so even if a virus puts it code inside them, they would stay harmless. If a virus alters such a file, it will most likely get corrupt and will not play or partially play in your media player software.

Can someone make a virus look like an mp3/video file?
Yes. If you have chosen option to hide file extension in Windows Explorer for known file types, then Windows will not show the actual file extension. This is the default setting in Windows.You will see only the icon and file name (without any extension).
An attacker can rename a virus program, for example, malware.exe into Britney Spears.mp3.exe. Because of your Windows Explorer settings, you would only see Britney Spears.mp3. The attacker can also alter the file icon to look like a media file like WinAmp file or WMP file. An unsuspecting use might double-click on this file to play the media file. But actually this would run the malware program and infection would start.

Video and audio file corruption can occur for several reasons, and Wondershare Repairit identifies some of the most common causes. File transfer errors often lead to corruption when there are interruptions or faults during the transfer process between devices or storage media. Storage device failures, such as hard drives, USB flash drives, and SD cards developing bad sectors or failing physically, are also significant contributors. Improper shutdowns, including sudden power outages or forceful shutdowns, can corrupt files if the device is turned off while files are being played or transferred. Software crashes during playback, editing, or rendering processes can cause file corruption.

Additionally, virus or malware attacks can alter, delete, or encrypt video and audio files, rendering them unusable. File system issues, such as problems with the file allocation table or directory structure, can result from improper removal of storage devices or software errors. Using unsupported formats or codecs may also corrupt files if the media player or editing software modifies the file incorrectly. Incomplete downloads due to network issues or server problems can leave files corrupted. Hardware issues like faulty RAM or a failing hard drive, along with compatibility issues between different software, can also cause corruption. Lastly, human error, such as accidental deletion or improper modification of files, can lead to corrupted video and audio files.

Because there is a mixer.

Have you ever seen a mixer used by DJs, live events, concerts, churches, etc? You're computer has one, sometimes in hardware, but usually in the core operating system software. It works automatically, but sometimes you can control it manually.

The volume you usually see is the master volume. If you open up advanced volume controls, you will see that each application that outputs sound has its own volume control that you can control separately (this is actually useful for muting apps in some situations.)

The mixer takes multiple sound streams from each application and down-mixes it into one combined sound stream for your sound card to play.

Since you are using Windows, I will give you some history based on PCs. In the beginning, applications accessed hardware directly. Only one DOS or early Windows program could access sound hardware at the same time. In Windows 95, software mixing was introduced, but only for DirectSound (DirectX audio). In Windows 98, software sound mixing was introduced for all applications to use, allowing many applications to play sound at the same time.

Yes, Wondershare Repairit can fix this.Wondershare Repairit’s Audio Repair feature is designed to fix various issues with audio files, such as distorted sound, no sound, audio-sync issues, and more. With advanced repair algorithms, Repairit can repair audio in various formats such as MP3, WAV, AAC, M4A, and more. The repaired audio retains its original quality and can be previewed before saving. Whether you have an audio file with low volume, background noise, or other issues, it can all be fixed with Repairit. Wondershare Repairit offers you an awesome audio repair function. The greatest feature of it is that it supports the 5 most common audio formats, including m4a, mp3, aac, FLAC, and wav formats. Meanwhile, device compatibility is another advantage of it, which means it can repair audio from portable voice recorders, recording software, shooting cameras, etc.

• Include the audio files: you must include both the corrupted file and an example file that comes from the same source and has the same format.
• Awaiting the completion of the repair process: Repairit will efficiently restore the faulty audio and sample audio by matching them automatically.
• Preview and save the audio files: You can select the directory where you wish to store the corrected audio files after getting a thorough look at them.

Audio files themselves typically can't directly contain viruses in the traditional sense. Viruses are a type of malware that need to be executable code to infect your system. Audio formats like MP3, WAV, etc. are just data files with sound information.

However, there are a couple of ways audio files can be involved with malware:

• Exploiting vulnerabilities: A malicious actor could craft an audio file in a specific way to exploit a vulnerability in your media player software. This vulnerability could allow the attacker to inject malicious code and infect your system. This is uncommon, but it's why keeping your software updated is important.
• Social Engineering: An audio file could be used as bait in a social engineering attack. For example, you might receive an email with an attachment labeled "important_message.mp3". Clicking on the attachment might launch a website that tricks you into downloading malware, or it might open a document containing malicious code.

Here are some tips to stay safe:

• Download from trusted sources: Only download audio files from websites and people you trust.
• Be cautious of suspicious emails: Don't open attachments from unknown senders, even if they seem like audio files.
• Use updated software: Keep your operating system, media player, and antivirus software up to date to patch vulnerabilities.
• Scan downloaded files: Consider using an antivirus program to scan downloaded audio files before opening them, especially if they come from an untrusted source.

By following these precautions, you can minimize the risk of encountering malware disguised as audio files.

It doesn’t affect “integrity” at all. I.e. is the file there, is it the same as it was before?

It affects the content of the file. Perhaps changing “quality”. Not integrity.

I’m assuming you actually wanted to know an answer to a different question: How close a match would the video be after compression, as opposed to when it was created / recorded?

That varies. By the specific compression used and its settings.

Some types of compression would lose nothing at all, while not really “compressing” a lot. While others could reduce the final file size enormously, but cause some artefacts and lesser qualities. Everywhere in between is also possible.

For the most part, compression tools and settings are chosen to a point where that loss in quality isn’t noticeable by the end user. I.e. a human eye / brain combo, which cannot distinguish between some of these losses. In fact, good compression techniques specifically use that very inexactness of human perception - by throwing away the parts no human would have noticed anyway.

You can always push it “too far” and end up with a video with smearing and blocks all over. Lower resolution. Perhaps even fewer frames per second. Scratchy sound. Etc.

But, even then. It is a change of quality from the source to produce a new file. Both the source file and the final file is still a 1:1 exact file, with perfect integrity (if nothing else besides the compression goes awry).

Things that may cause integrity problems tends to be hardware. Every time a file is copied, sent, moved, etc. There’s a chance some corruption can occur. The storage drive may have a bad spot. The network connection may have missed a few bits, or swapped them for something else. The copy could be interrupted. Etc.

These tend to happen before or after compression much more often. If it happens during compression, it’s still not caused BY the compression. More a case of something else went wrong, the compression was an “innocent bystander”.

To a certain extent, noise can be removed because it often has a “profile” that is continuous, and intelligent software can identify its pattern and its constituent frequencies. It can then be actively filtered to reduce its level in comparison to the desired signal.

Distortion is more difficult. Some software can analyse a signal and predict what the signal would be like without the apparent distortion. Since distortion is by nature random, and there’s no indicator what what the clean signal should be, any clean-up involves some guesswork. It’s not usually very successful, causes artifacts and glitches, and just spoils the signal in a different way to the distortion.

Missing audio is the worst. How can anyone or anything know what was there before it went missing? Total guesswork is the only possible way to fill the gap. The only expection is when the missing part is the middle of a sustained note, because that’s easily filled by merging what came before with what comes after the gap.

Q: Is there a way to let a specific app through System Integrity Protection on macOS?

A: This question is many years out of date, all legitimate apps work and there is no need to ever turn off SIP

• In the old days any app that required SIP to be deactivated was obviously a security risk and we destroyed that app, then found an app from a developer that worked correctly
• Over the years, Apple’s security has been continuously upgraded and so those old out-of date apps will not run anyway because they will fail security verification

Additional Information:

I have written about this before so I will quote myself here:

There are attempts at making viruses, and hacker attacks, written for the Mac, iPhones and iPads, they do exist but they don’t work because Apple is successful at deflecting them; Apple expends a huge effort in keeping their customers safe, protecting customer privacy via an effective multi layer defense system built into many layers of the operating system (which deflects viruses, hackers and other malware). There is no other OS with anywhere near the protection level that Apple provides. That is why no one sees any active viruses or other hacks on Mac, iPhones or iPads, regardless of how many new strains are made.

FBI Director Comey testified before United States Congress that the FBI, with the help of the other government agencies, cannot hack into iPhones, which also means that there is no way to bypass the Activation Lock/iCloud Lock, at all. He also testified that the FBI can hack all other operating systems and products, regardless of marketing claims.

Companies like Cellebrite make false claims about being able to break into iPhones, the fact is that they cannot hack any iPhone that has the Secure Enclave chip, the same is true of the Manhattan District Attorney’s office who has a million dollar hacking lab, they also can only hack (All) Androids they cannot hack any iPhone that has the Secure Enclave chip in it.

Cellebrite was given credit for breaking into the San Bernardino phone, the media even claimed that the FBI had paid Cellebrite anywhere from $1 Million to $20 Million USD for breaking into the phone, subsequent legal (court) testimony by the FBI clearly proved that Cellebrite never broke into the iPhone, proving that Cellebrite and the media’s claims had been false the entire time. Cellebrite never handled that iPhone at all, they were perpetuating a lie.

This is why the FBI is continuously harassing Apple to install a backdoor in to iPhones, which Apple always refuses because Apple is the only high tech company that is actually dedicated to protecting each Apple-using person’s privacy.

The reality is that Apple cannot unlock iPhones, even if they wanted to, only the owner knows the passcode to their iPhone and only that passcode will unlock it.

Apple responds very quickly to new virus threats, automatically updating all Mac, iPhone and iPad users around the world immediately and invisibly. If “Automatic Updates” are turned on (which is the normal setting for all users), then users will receive updated virus protection, invisibly, the same day that Apple releases it. This is why there is no *Active* virus/malware in the Apple community, so there is nothing to worry about.

Apple protects iCloud since has been offering online services since 1986, so Apple has many decades of experience securing online accounts.

Apple also avoids hardware exploits in Intel’s CPU (which have multiple security flaws) with the implementation of Apple’s own Secure Enclave, T1, T2, etc. chips that boot completely securely, regardless of all the flaws in Intel’s CPUs.

Apple expends a great deal of effort to make its operating systems (macOS, iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, tvOS, audioOS, etc.) secure, safe and private by implementing defenses in many layers of its core OS, which includes but is not limited to:

• XProtect antivirus (scans for Windows malware as well)

• Yara (users can even add their own rules)

• Gatekeeper

• System Integrity Protection (SIP)

• Malware Removal Tool (MRT)

• Core Suggestions

• Incompatible Kernel Extensions (KEXT Exclusions)

• Application Firewall (cannot be disabled)

• pf Firewall (BSD firewall, optional)

• FileVault (high grade encryption of all user data is standard)

• Chinese Word List (SCIM)

• Core LSKD (kdrl)

• Flask Security Architecture for flexible mandatory access control

• File quarantine

• Deactivation of TPM (where applicable) on a hardware level

• Safari Fraudulent Sites protection

• eficheck

• Messages (the only text app that is actually secure)

• iCloud Lock (in addition to Passcode Lock)

• Protection against “Juice Jacking”

• POSIX Saved IDs is correct, inescapable

• Encrypted swap is standard

• Encrypted binaries, with decryption code in the paging path

• Intentional page discards, so that an attack involving page modification can’t be successful

• App Store scrutinizes all apps for privacy & security far better than all others in the world

• Signed binaries

• Refusal to run unsigned code downloaded from the Internet

• “Rootless” mode, requiring substantial effort to escalate privilege in the first place

• Common Criteria for Information Technology Security Evaluation is built-in (as documented: TrustedBSD - Documentation)

• T2 Onwards

⁃ Passwords are hashed then the hash is stored in an inaccessible hardware encryption chip (T2 and Secure Enclave chip onwards)

⁃ Cryptographic Boot

⁃ iPhone

⁃ iPad

⁃ Mac

• Secure Enclave (T2, etc.) chip

⁃ Is isolated so even if a host device is compromised the Secure Enclave remains secure

⁃ Provides hardware control of FaceTime camera

• FIPS 140-2/-3 Conformance Validation Certificate

⁃ 2018 onwards FIPS 140-2 Security Level 1

⁃ 2019 onwards FIPS 140-2 Security Level 2

⁃ FIPS 140-2/-3 Security Level 3 in newer products

• Immediate app revocation for fraudulent use of developer, enterprise, or any other digital certificate

⁃ Such as the Silver Sparrow attempts that were deactivated and which never were able to perform any malware activity due to to the other Apple defenses

• macOS Mojave onward

⁃ Camera or microphone access requires user consent prompt (all but the oldest Macs have the webcam hard wired to the green indicator light so the camera cannot be on unless the green light is on); there is also a, physical disconnect that cuts the physical connection when the lid is lowered

⁃ Moving or reading files in the Trash (by an app) require user consent

⁃ Plug-in unapproved list, Safari extension unapproved list

• macOS Catalina onward

⁃ Notarization

⁃ Mandatory app code signing

⁃ System Extensions (Apple replaced “kernel extensions” so third parties cannot extend the kernel anymore, for security purposes)

⁃ System files are stored in a separate read-only partition

⁃ Endpoint Security framework

⁃ Gatekeeper enhanced with random validation checks

⁃ Gatekeeper now requires a User Prompt and approval for changes (anti-ransomware protection)

⁃ Camera access, microphone access, screen recording or keyboard input monitoring requires user consent prompt (all but the oldest Macs have the webcam hard wired to the green indicator light so the camera cannot be on unless the green light is on)

⁃ Downloads require user consent prompting for each domain

⁃ Locked out ROOT account (not even Admin has access to ROOT)

⁃ Security & Privacy preference panel

⁃ Access control settings permissions for functions like Screen Recording, accessing Files and Folders, Input Monitoring, and Speech Recognition.

⁃ Activation Lock (like on iPad and iPhone)

⁃ T2 Security Chip-enabled Macs become nothing more than a brick until the proper credentials are verified, to unlock it

• Apple led the industry to require that Safari only accept digital certificates that are not more than 13 months old

• Address space layout randomization (ASLR)

• Apple statement on privacy/security: “Every Apple device combines hardware, software, and services designed to work together for maximum security and a transparent user experience in service of the ultimate goal of keeping personal information safe … Apple is committed to helping protect customers with leading privacy and security technologies— designed to safeguard personal information—and comprehensive methods—to help protect corporate data in an enterprise environment. Apple rewards researchers for the work they do to uncover vulnerabilities by offering the Apple Security Bounty.”

• Device management built into Intel CPUs (“Intel Management Engine”) is blocked and is completely inoperative

• Root keys for all Messages/iMessage/FaceTime communications were destroyed in front of witness, many years ago, so no backdoor can ever exist

• macOS - Security

• Apple Platform security Fall 2019 PDF https://manuals.info.apple.com/MANUALS/1000/MA1902/en_US/apple-platform-security-guide.pdf

• Apple App security overview App security overview

• Ability to deactivate hostile apps worldwide, immediately

• Apple A12 Bionic and onwards corrects an unexploited hardware exploit in earlier Secure Enclave chips

• Web browsers are sandboxed

• Sign-in with Apple

• iOS 14 forward

⁃ Generalized location in Maps App

⁃ Translate feature

⁃ Recording Indicators for Mic and Camera

⁃ Limited Photos Library Access for Selected App

⁃ Apps forced to offer Request to Track

⁃ Privacy Information in the App Store

⁃ Safari Password Monitoring and Privacy Report

⁃ Upgrade to Sign in with Apple capability

⁃ Enable WiFi Private Address

⁃ Enable Local Network Privacy Access

⁃ Sign-in with Apple (on apps)

⁃ Status bar indicator when app uses the microphone and camera

⁃ App Store self-reported privacy practices

⁃ All apps required to obtain user permission before tracking

⁃ App Tracking Transparency

⁃ Password Monitor & Compromised Password Alert

⁃ Random MAC address for each WiFi connection

⁃ Privacy Warning if actual MAC address is visible to a WiFi hotspot

⁃ “Weak Security” warning when Wi-Fi is using vulnerable technologies. ex: WPA or TKIP

⁃ Intelligent Tracking Protection (ITP) is mandatory

⁃ Blastdoor protection (precuts against zero click attacks, ASLR brute force, shared cache region attacks, includes advanced parsing of untrusted data in iMessages etc.)

⁃ iOS 14.5 onwards

⁃ Pointer Authentication Codes (PAC) to prevent zero-click and memory corruption exploits

• Apple Silicon onwards

⁃ Write XOR execute (W^X)

⁃ Kernel Integrity Protection

⁃ Pointer authentication

⁃ Device isolation

⁃ Explore the new system architecture of Apple silicon Macs - WWDC20 - Videos - Apple Developer

⁃ Macs Only

⁃ Selectable security level for each instance of macOS that is installed (Full Security makes the Mac just as secure as an iPhone)

⁃ Secure Hibernation

⁃ Full At-Rest protection

⁃ Integrity and At-Rest protection

⁃ Low battery protection

⁃ Fast inline encryption

⁃ APFS encrypted drive support iPhone/iPad enter password to access the content

⁃ Hardware verified secure-boot

⁃ Runtime anti-exploitation

• Second Generation Recovery Key, prevents access to Apple devices even if the attacker has full access to iCloud and 2FA

• Safari 14; Privacy Report

• iPad Pro 2020 and newer disconnects hardware microphones when the lid of the device is physically closed

• Hardware updates when needed such as:

⁃ A12, A13, S4, and S5 products released in Fall 2020 (and later) have a 2nd-generation Secure Storage Component

⁃ Devices first released in Fall 2020 or later are equipped with a 2nd-generation Secure Storage Component. The 2nd-generation Secure Storage Component adds counter lockboxes. Each counter lockbox stores a 128-bit salt, a 128-bit passcode verifier, an 8-bit counter, and an 8-bit maximum attempt value. Access to the counter lockboxes is through an encrypted and authenticated protocol.

• macOS Big Sur onwards

⁃ SSV (Signed system volume)

⁃ Built-in Runtime Security

⁃ Encrypted DNS (DNS over HTTPS or TLS)

• Apple Silicon onwards

⁃ Data Protection (encryption) class for each file

• Weak Password Warning

• 2021 Onwards:

⁃ A new encrypted protocol for Developer ID certificate revocation checks

⁃ Strong protections against cryptographic validation server failure

⁃ iCloud defense against malware embedded inside Pages/Numbers documents

⁃ AirTags anti-stalking protection, including:

⁃ Unwanted tag detection

⁃ Rotating Identifier

⁃ Audible Alerts

⁃ Android app to detect stalking

⁃ Completely randomized product serial numbers

⁃ End-to-end FaceTime encryption for non-Apple users via their web browser

• Hidden IP addresses in eMail

• Hidden IP assesses in web trackers

• 3rd Party domain tracker reports (web tracker list)

• iOS 15 iPadOS 15 macOS Monterey

⁃ On device voice recognition for Siri in Neural Engine

⁃ Family Recovery Contact List to get back into your account of you are locked out

⁃ Legacy Contact List if you pass away

⁃ Private Relay (Safari iOS and macOS Monterey) double relays (VPN) to obscure your web browsing (hide IP address from ads as well), not even Apple can see your activity; It protects:

⁃ All Safari web browsing

⁃ All DNS queries as users enter site names

⁃ All insecure HTTP traffic

⁃ Hide My Email to hide your real email address when filing out forms (and stops senders from using invisible pixels)

⁃ Mail Privacy kills tracking pixels

⁃ Mail Privacy Protection hides your IP address

⁃ Secure Paste allows users to copy/paste between apps without the apps being able to see what is inside the clipboard

⁃ Eliminates need for Authy and Google Authenticator by providing codes for app-based two-factor authentication

⁃ SMS Spam filtering Brazil and India now, other countries later

⁃ iPhone is still traceable through the Find My network even when the device is powered off via the Power Reserve feature which contains extra power to keep Find My running; location tracking will even keep working whilst the phone is reset to factory settings with Activation Lock enabled

⁃ Safari Intelligent Tracking Prevention

⁃ Safari automatically HTTPS upgrade where possible

⁃ iCloud Passwords (formerly iCloud Keychain) now includes a built-in authenticator will be able to generate codes for two-factor authentication

⁃ Advanced Fraud Protection to Apple Card, with a regularly changing security code

⁃ Safari Bookmarks end-to-end encrypted

⁃ Safari History and iCloud Tabs were already

• macOS Monterey specific

⁃ ‘erase all contents and settings’ option for resetting your Mac, while maintaining the operating system currently installed, like an iPhone

⁃ Mail Privacy kills tracking pixels

⁃ “Erase all contents and settings”

• HomeKit

⁃ HomeKit Secure Video (for security cameras)

• Apple Platform Security Report February 2021

⁃ Apple Platform Security

• Security Certifications and Compliance Center February 2021

⁃ Security Certifications and Compliance Center

• Tim Cook on Privacy:

UniConverter is a professional-grade software that offers a complete solution for video and audio editing. You can use it to split, combine audio files, trim, add effects, convert, video and audio files. In addition to those standard functions, this software also gives you a set of specially designed tools for audio editing.

UniConverter Features:

• Trim, merge & personalize your MP3 audio files based on your needs
• Convert video to 1000+ formats, including MP4, AVI, MKV, MOV and more
• 30X faster conversion speed than any conventional converters
• Burn video to playable DVD with attractive free DVD template
• Versatile toolbox combines fix video metadata, GIF maker, video compressor, and screen recorder

Let’s see how you can merge audio files in this video:

TunesKit AceMovi may be a good choice for you. AceMovi is a professional video editor, which allows you to detach the original audio from your video and then add another audio to it with a few steps. How to do it?

Step 1. Drag and drop your video to AceMovi and then put it to the timeline;

Step 2. Click the video on the timeline and then right-click your mouse to choose the Detach Audio option;

Step 3. Click the detached audio on the timeline and then tap on the delete key on your keyboard;

Step 4. Add your audio to the timeline and adjust its place in your video;

Step 5. Click the Export button to save the video with new audio to your computer.

In a word, no.

In more detail, any app that has the appropriate entitlement granted to it can modify files protected by System Integrity Protection (SIP). As it turns out however, only Apple have the relevant signing keys to grant applications the entitlement to bypass SIP.

For example, if an app is granted the entitlement ‘com.apple.rootless.install” then even if SIP is enabled, this app is allowed to bypass it to modify system files . This entitlement is granted to macOS update installers. The entitlement is embedded in the code signature for the app which is verified when the app is launched. If you attempt to modify the app, the code signature will no longer match and macOS will not let you launch it.

Best Video Converter Tools for PC

There is a high demand for videos, movies, GIFs, and clips, especially after the lockdown was announced. There are various devices on which you can watch these, including televisions, computer systems, tablets, mobile phones, etc. All his has led to the rise of many different video file formats. There are certain formats suitable for only a particular device, like the 3GP format used widely to watch videos on phones. There are hundreds of video conversion tools, but only some of them have proved to be highly beneficial. The top features, while looking for a suitable video converter tool, are – proper file format, quality after conversion, operating system support, speed of conversion, and accessibility.

Here are the best free video converter tools (in no particular order)

• Kernel Video Converter
• Movavi Video Converter
• Any Video Converter
• Gilisoft Video Converter
• Leawo Video Converter
• Cisdem Video Converter for Mac
• iTubeGo
• Program4pc’s Video Converter
• Freemake Video Converter
• VideoProc
• Handbrake
• Aiseesoft Video Converter Ultimate
• Tipard Video Converter
• Zamzar
• Gihosoft Video Converter
• WinX Free Video Converter
• Wondershare UnicConverter
• Online Convert
• DVDVideoSoft
• AVS Video Converter
• Free HD Video Converter Factory
• VSDC Free Video Converter
• MiniTool Video Converter
• Convertio
• iWisoft Free Video Converter
• Allavsoft Video and Music Download
• iDealshare VideoGo
• Prism Video Converter Software
• Clone2Go Free Video Converter
• Wonderfox HD Video Converter Factory Pro
• FFCoder

My version of the question: How can a software program compress an audio file so that when played back all of the original data is recovered? Or: How does lossless compression work?

A lot of sophisticated mathematics is used, but I will describe a very weak and impractical, but easy to understand method as an example. To save time I’ll use 8 bit words rather than the 16 or 24 used for music files.

In our original PCM code every word is 8 bits long like 10100110 or 00000011 or 10100000. In our scheme the compression technique will be to remove any zeros in a word that come after the last 1. After doing this the three words above will be stored as 1010011 00000011 and 101.

During playback the decompression algorithm will add zeroes to the end of any word with less than eight bits so that it is once again the required length, restoring any modified words to their original form. In this way were able to store 24 bits of information using only 18 bits while perfectly recovering the original eight bit words.

How can you synchronize an audio file with a video file (without using any third party software)?

Syncing an audio and video file without common audio or timecode can be a time-consuming process. Over the years, I’ve had to do it a couple of times.

The following will work assuming the audio & video was obtained at the same time. Import both the audio and video clips into your editor. Then, look for moments in the video where there are actions that would produce a loud sound like a hand clap, a door slam, etc. and place a marker there. Next, play the audio until you hear a sound you suspect matches the video action and mark it. Now, slide the audio until the marks are aligned. Play the video and see if it looks and sounds right. You may have to nudge the audio or the video track a frame at a time to achieve the best sync. If you’re lucky, you’ll have sync your first try. If not, keep going and try again.

Once you have sync, play and ensure the sync holds until the end. If you see the sync starting to slip, stop and cut the audio at that point. Slip the audio one way or the other until you again have sync. If you’ve created a gap in the audio track, find some room tone in your audio and use it to fill the gap. Overlap the ends of the gap and use short fades to blend in the room tone.

By now, you’re probably seeing why this process could take a while. In the future, if you’re using a separate device to record the audio, it’s very important to record the same audio to the camera. Camera audio needn’t be perfect, but if you have it, syncing the good audio to the video is easy. Most video editing programs will easily sync camera audio to an audio track. Good luck.