In the courtroom, the way a judge addresses attorneys is governed by traditional legal etiquette and respect for the formality of the judicial process. The specific terms of address can vary slightly depending on the jurisdiction, but generally, judges adhere to the following conventions:

1. "Counsel": This is a common and formal way for judges to address attorneys in the courtroom. For example, a judge might say, "Counsel, please approach the bench," or "Does counsel have any further questions?"
2. "Mr./Ms. [Last Name]": Judges often address attorneys by their last names, preceded by a courtesy title such as "Mr." or "Ms." This form of address is respectful and maintains a professional tone. For instance, "Mr. Smith, what is your argument regarding this motion?"
3. "Attorney [Last Name]": In some cases, judges may refer to lawyers as "Attorney [Last Name]," especially in formal settings or in written communications.
4. "Sir" or "Madam": In more formal jurisdictions or in higher courts, judges might use "Sir" or "Madam" when addressing attorneys. This is less common but still within the realm of formal courtroom etiquette.
5. By Title and Last Name in Special Cases: If an attorney holds a special title, such as "District Attorney" or "Public Defender," a judge may use this title when addressing them. For example, "District Attorney Jones, your opening statement, please."
6. Referring to Roles: Sometimes, judges refer to attorneys by their role in the case, such as "prosecution" or "defense." For example, "Does the defense wish to cross-examine the witness?"
7. Avoiding First Names: It's generally inappropriate for a judge to address attorneys by their first names in the courtroom as it may suggest bias or a lack of professionalism.
8. Respectful Tone: Regardless of the specific term of address, judges typically maintain a respectful and professional tone when speaking to attorneys. This upholds the decorum of the court and the impartiality of the judiciary.

Understanding and adhering to these conventions is part of the professional conduct expected in courtrooms, reflecting mutual respect among legal practitioners and the judiciary.