There is no planet Kolob in Mormon theology or in Mormon scriptural texts. It’s not a planet. It’s actually a star. Here is how we know it is a star and not actually a planet.
1 And I, Abraham, had the Urim and Thummim, which the Lord my God had given unto me, in Ur of the Chaldees;
2 And I saw the stars, that they were very great, and that one of them was nearest unto the throne of God; and there were many great ones which were near unto it;
3 And the Lord said unto me: These are the governing ones; and the name of the great one is Kolob, because it is near unto me, for I am the Lord thy God: I have set this one to govern all those which belong to the same order as that upon which thou standest.
(Pearl of Great Price, Abraham 3:1–3; bold emphasis mine)
In fairness, however, ancient peoples did not always distinguish between planets and stars. In their view, there were fixed stars and moving stars, and some of the moving ones were called planets by the Greeks, for example (the Greek word from which we get our “planet,” πλανήτης planētēs, means “wanderer”).
That said, it is highly unlikely that NASA ever would find Kolob and know that they have found it. Mormons don't even know where it is. Latter-day Saints have never been told anything except that it is nearest to the throne of God, and was named accordingly.
That right there, is what makes this name interesting. Such a word with such a meaning is cognate, or related, to Semitic words that can mean something similar. For instance, in Arabic the star Antares, in the Constellation Scorpio, is called Al-Qalb (pronounced al Kalb) and often meaning “the heart.” Qalb means midst, heart, near, and so forth. Related to that is the Hebrew קרב. This word also means heart, midst, near, and so forth.
What makes that even more fascinating is that among Semitic languages and also in Egyptian, there is what is referred to as an r-l shift. A Hebrew word like QRB might show up in another Semitic language, or in Egyptian, as QLB or as KLB. While Joseph Smith did learn to read some Hebrew in the Winter of 1835-1836, he did not know enough to know about this r-l shift across languages. Joseph Smith owned a Hebrew Lexicon by Josiah Gibbs. That is the extent of what he would have known at the time. No cognates from other Semitic languages are found in the entries he would have looked at to obtain the definitions to know the meaning of the Hebrew words. I do not believe that Seixas’ Hebrew grammar would have discussed this, either. It also should be noted that at the time of Joseph Smith many grammarians transliterated ק as K, as in figure 1 below.
Figure 1. Taken from Josiah W. Gibbs, A Manual Hebrew and English Lexicon Including the Biblical Chaldee. Designed Particularly for Beginners. Second Edition Revised and Enlarged (1832).
The below also is taken from the Hebrew Lexicon that was in use by Joseph Smith during the Kirtland and Nauvoo Periods.
Figure 2. Taken from Josiah W. Gibbs, A Manual Hebrew and English Lexicon Including the Biblical Chaldee. Designed Particularly for Beginners. Second Edition Revised and Enlarged (1832). Aside from Seixas’ second edition of his Manual Hebrew Grammar for the Use of Beginners (1833), and Moses Stuart’s fifth edition of A Grammar of the Hebrew Language (1835), this is the extent of what Joseph Smith would have known about Hebrew.
But returning to the subject matter, as I mentioned above we do not know the location of the star, or even the name by which a person who saw it today might call it. Of some interest is that the Qur’an (Surah 53:36–49) also seems to mention a great star in connection with the scriptures of Moses and of Abraham. Some translations of the Qur’an do not name the star, referring to it as “the great star,” whereas others translate to refer to it as “the Sirius.”
In any case, if anyone from NASA ever discovered it, what would they name it? How could they possibly know it was Kolob? But if they did and could know it, and could prove it’s existence, it is likely most people would continue as they are and claim that Joseph Smith must have had access to a translation of some ancient text from which he ripped the idea off for his Book of Abraham. The overall implications wouldn't amount to much in the current scheme of things. But for Mormons, it would give them one more reason for faith and give them something more to talk about to strike up a conversation regarding the restored Gospel of Jesus Christ and additional scripture.