Food ingredients are the substances used to create food.1 They are diverse and can be categorized in several ways.2 Here's a breakdown of the main types:Basic Categories:
Proteins:

These are essential building blocks for the body.3 Examples include meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy, legumes, and nuts.

Carbohydrates:

These provide energy.4 Examples include grains (rice, wheat, corn), fruits, vegetables, and sugars.5

Fats:

These also provide energy and are important for various bodily functions.6 Examples include oils, butter, and fats found in meat and nuts.

Water:

Essential for life and a key component in many foods and cooking processes.7

Vitamins and Minerals:

These are micronutrients that are essential for various bodily functions.8 They are found in a wide range of foods, especially fruits and vegetables.9

Other Important Ingredient Groups:
Herbs and Spices:

These add flavor and aroma to food.10

Food Additives:

These are substances added to food to enhance its flavor, color, texture, or shelf life.11 Examples include:

Preservatives12
Coloring agents13
Flavor enhancers14
Emulsifiers

Sugars and Sweeteners:

These add sweetness to food.15

Starches:

These are used as thickeners, and also provide carbohydrates.16

Fermented ingredients:

These add complex flavors, and are the result of microbial processes.17 Examples include, soy sauce, and cheeses.18

Key Considerations:
The food industry utilizes a wide array of ingredients, both natural and artificial.19
Understanding food ingredients is crucial for making informed dietary choices.
Food ingredients can be whole foods, or refined products.
I hope this helps!