There is no fixed cost to upgrade from D7 to D9 or recommended D10. But you can save time and money if you plan to migrate instead of upgrade.

Let’s understand first what is the difference between upgrading and migrating.

Drupal upgrade

The process when you update your existing site from one version to another version is called Drupal upgrade. In this process you work with the same codebase and database and proceed step by step to first upgrade to the latest minor version in your branch and then go to the latest major version.

Drupal Migrate

You create a fresh Drupal latest instance, install similar or alternative modules, themes and third party packages. Then start migrating configurations first which will make Drupal backend similar to the old version. Then start migrating content to show the same content from the latest version. Here you will have a chance to enhance the features and mitigate the technical debt, fix your mistakes and give them a new body and soul with the same content.

If you are running a Drupal 8 or 9 application, you can choose Drupal upgrade as it is a bit easy, however, Drupal migration would be a recommended approach to upgrade from Drupal 7 to Drupal 10.

These are some steps that you can follow during update/migrate/upgrade

1. Take a backup of your codebase and database at working stage before starting the process
2. Make a list of deprecated modules and themes and find the supported version or alternative module.
3. Remove deprecated code and Drupal API functions, services from your custom modules and themes.
4. Make sure your modules are not heavily dependent on jQuery because Drupal 10 has removed dependency from jQuery and you have to use it as a TPP to support in D10.
5. Move step by step, do not take long jumps. it means if you are running 9.2.x then you should not jump directly to latest 9.5.x
6. You should move 9.2 to 9.3 to 9.4 ….9.5.x
7. After a successful update/upgrade, maintain proper working backup so that in any case you feel that things are not working you can easily switch to the working state of your site.
8. Never do these operations on a production environment, test them locally, document each step and then apply them on production.
9. Plan a proper downtime, put the site on maintenance mode and perform the operation.
10. Use Drush as much as you can to speedup the process

Now that I have worked on both at the same time, I see the light. Drupal 8 FTW.

However, config management is a chore during development. I constantly have to uninstall/reinstall my module if I change configs, add variables, schemata, etc. Drupal 7 was much more forgiving - sort of like the difference between HTML and XHTML, if you get that analogy. Or JavaScript with triple equals everywhere… maybe? I don’t do much JS outside of Drupal.

You now have an indication that you did something wrong (provided you remembered to cache-rebuild) by seeing a huge exception on your screen or command line. If you forget to `drush cr` then you may not see your changes at all. If you are in a load balanced environment there are more fun things.

These are all quips, though. Writing a class that implements and interface is sooo much better than magically naming the function the right thing. Everything is explicit (OK, still a few Drupalisms), and a good IDE will help you out a lot.

TLDR: It’s painful to go back to seven after working on eight.

I really like it. There are the inevitable jokes about having to create class extends FooAbstractFactoryFactory implements IFooAbstractFactoryFactory. But I spent enough time with Java to perversely enjoy that. Having real interfaces, namespaces and base classes makes extending it a lot cleaner in most cases than Drupal 7. Dependency injection is nice, especially when you really need to add another custom implementation. So far, so good, right? Now let's get to the other side of the coin.

You know that DI container? Yeah, it only works with services. They fake it for other things — i.e. plugins — but the instance you need to add your own dependency that the base classes didn't have you're stuck writing you own static factory method. So instead of being able to just declare things in your constructor you have to put them there and then do service location in a static function and make sure they're the same. No fun. So much so it often becomes easier to rely on the static methods on the \Drupal object to fetch things instead of doing it the right way.

Some things are more convoluted to do. For instance creating a link. In previous version there was the l() function. In D8 you use static functions on the Link class — or instantiate one yourself — depending on whether it's a route, or just a string URL. The following object does have a toString() method but you still have to pass it around … and doing it from Twig is a little painful.

There are things in Drupal 8 that are pretty inexplicably problematic. For instance there is no reliable way of clearing the Twig cache across multiple hosts. Given that both Acquia and Pantheon advertise themselves as handling Drupal 8 and default to multiple hosts makes this even more inexplicable. Basically Acquia tells you have to say into each machine and run a command there. Pantheon? I'd have to check with some folks on my team, but I suspect it comes down to clearing the cache until it runs in each container. Likewise the REST interface is pretty useless. I'm told it's getting better, but just as an example there is no default mechanism to get a list of content, you use Views and a custom URI. But it only returned data, not anything useful like — oh, I don't know — paging. Also that means that you have completely unrelated URIs to GET a list, GET and PATCH the document itself and POST to create a document.

And that's not even getting to the state of the community. We're on the third minor version but the number of migrated modules is still pretty pitiful. And while core is moving in the direction of using Composer to manage dependencies including contrib modules, there is still a tendency to keep everything in the dev branch. Sure you can pin to a specific commit, but getting that information is hard through the Drupal interface. Semantic versioning? We can't get past posting and re-rolling the same patches over and over again in comments.

While I prefer writing custom code in Drupal 8 to previous versions, trying to actually build something is often an exercise in frustration. You can use what's in core and build a menu and node based site or you can do a whole lot of custom code to fix contrib modules or write your own custom to fill in the gaps. There is a yawning gulf between those two extremes and it only takes a small amount of complexity to go from trivial to xkcd: Tasks.

It means that Drupal is reaching a point of maturity, because these are entirely different things.

Drupal 7 is really an entirely different platform under the hood, than Drupal 8 and later. For administrators and content editors, it is very similar, which is great because you won’t find Drupal 8 or 9 hard to learn if you already know Drupal 7. But upgrading to Drupal 8 (or 9) is really a full site rebuild — you need to recreate your theme, migrate all your content, rebuild all your views, and find equivalents to modules you may have used in Drupal 7 that no longer exist for 8 (often because you can do the same thing with core).

Drupal 8 to Drupal 9 is much, much easier — they are basically the same thing, with some cleanup done.

Drupal 8.7.0 just released in May 2019 — we’ve now had 7 minor releases of Drupal 8, and each has brought new functionality, improvements, and changes. Along the way, some underlying code has been marked “deprecated” to be removed in Drupal 9. There are already tools to detect all this deprecated code and fix it now.

Drupal 8.8.0 comes out in December, and Drupal 9.0.0 is due in June 2020. Between Drupal 8.8.0 and 9.0.0, there will be 2 significant differences: the underlying Symfony library will be updated to the next major version, and all the code that has been marked “deprecated” will be removed. Most websites will go from 8.8 to 9.0 with no issues whatsoever — we’re seeing more issues with different PHP versions than with different Drupal 8 minor versions.

So there’s no reason to wait for Drupal 9 — upgrading to Drupal 8 will basically get you Drupal 9 for free! And unlike Drupal 7, once you’re on Drupal 8 you get new stuff every 6 months!

Personally, I like all the changes, and as Ryan Price said, it can be tough to go back to Drupal 7 after working on Drupal 8. The separation of code and configuration is a lot more pronounced, and code is organized in a much more modular way. (every form in its own class, in own file, for example)

That said, the level of programming and Drupal API knowledge required if you’re going to do module development on Drupal 8 is a lot higher. I think it’ll be much harder for tinkerers, people whose primary job is not PHP development.

An example of this would be the caching system. It’s a a great improvement, but it’s something that every module developer needs to understand before they can do almost anything. Even if you’re trying to build a form or something that seems unrelated, the new cache system touches everything.

Overall, I would say it’s a higher barrier to getting started, but people will be able to build much more ambitious projects in a cleaner way.

Drupal 7 EOL has been extended because of COVID-19. It is done to allow the businesses more time for the upgrade. With COVID, the budgets have been allocated with a lot of restrictions. And the Drupal community has become generous in providing a year more of security updates. It means a lot.

Drupal 8 and Drupal 9 are essentially the same with Drupal 9 being a cleaned up version with some more of Symfony updates. This means that updating to Drupal 9 should not require a lot of budget compared to the previous Drupal major releases.

Drupal 9 is very much worth it. It gives you an even bigger assurance of EOL and support. It brings a new way of functioning with your codebase and that is to not live with both warnings and errors. The big question is support of PHP versions. Drupal 9 will soon start supporting PHP 8. And that is a big deal.

Drupal continues with the same policy - come for code, stay for the community. And believe me, the community is getting bigger and better.

This list is by no means complete, but let me take a stab at it.

• HTML5 will be the default markup.
• D8 will move more towards a RESTful architecture. This will give a strong foundation for building web services. This relies a lot on entities introduced in D7.
• Deployment has a lot of scope to be worked upon. Lot of pain points in sharing, deploying and managing Drupal code/configuration/content will to be addressed. UUID and deploy are already on this track.
• Focus on mobile. Making Drupal 8 the best CMS for mobile.
• ORM(?). D7 saw good progress on this.
• WYSIWYG as default.
• PHP >= 5.3
• Snowman, http://groups.drupal.org/snowman/faq.

In general, as we move to a higher version, the demarcation of product/CMS/framework fades further.
Check http://groups.drupal.org/drupal-initiatives to get the latest scoop of D8 progress.

First, you “prune” your Drupal 8 website of all deprecations that might still be lurking in there.

Next, when the due time comes (hopefully this year) since Drupal 9 will be backward compatible with Drupal 8, you just run the update as you would run any other minor Drupal update (i.e. from Drupal 8.8.0 to Drupal 8.8.1).

In this respect, we have a whole post on the OPTASY blog on the specific steps to take to upgrade to Drupal 9:

Upgrade to Drupal 9: Identify & Remove Deprecated Code

“This is no news anymore: preparing to upgrade to Drupal 9 is just a matter of... cleaning your website of all deprecated code.

No major disruption from Drupal 8. No more compatibility issues to expect (with dread)...

“Ok, but how do I know if my website's using any deprecated APIs or functions? How do I check for deprecations, identify them and then... update my code?”

2 legitimate questions that must be “haunting” you these days, whether you're a:

• Drupal 8 website owner
• developer currently working on a Drupal project

Since the great news of this smooth Drupal upgrade ships with the answer to your “What” question (“What do I do to get my website ready for Drupal 9?”), but leaves the “How” question open:

“How precisely do I check my website for deprecated code?”

Are there any analysis tools available? Tools that you could run to get a thorough and accurate deprecated code report?

Luckily, there are. And I'll be focusing on 2 of the most effective ones that you should consider integrating into your workflow: Drupal Check and the Upgrade Status module.

1. But What Is Deprecated Code? And What Website Elements Should You Audit?

A piece of code is considered deprecated if:

• there's an upgraded alternative for it already available
• it's no longer in use

With this real “dilemma” now solved, there comes another one:

“What parts of my website should I check for deprecated code?”

Make sure you scan your:

• Drupal core
• Drupal modules
• theme

Note: pay special attention to the contributed modules enabled on your Drupal 8 website; run a deep-scan and, if you get any deprecation warnings, make sure to alert those modules' maintainers to clean them up…”

You can find the rest of the post (aka 3 more key steps to take for getting your website Drupal 9-ready) here: Upgrade to Drupal 9: Identify & Remove Deprecated Code.

Short Answer: Drupal 7 to Drupal 8, that will make you ready for Drupal 9 as well.

Explanation:-

#1. From Dries Buytaert key note in Drupal Con Seattle it was quite apparent that Drupal 9(releasing in 2020 Q2) is essentially an extension to Drupal 8 with upgrade to some of the third party services like symphony and some of the core Drupal API changes, but no major architectural changes at code or configuration level.

Drupal 9 = Drupal 8.9 - deprecated Code + updated 3rd party dependencies.

So a website on Drupal 8 can be easily upgraded to Drupal 9, given the cleanup for deprecated code.

#2. Along with Drupal 9 readiness, upgrading to Drupal 8 will allow you leveraging some of the greatest community initiatives taken in Drupal 8 like layout building capabilities, configuration workflow, API driven development, better editorial experience.

#3. Most of the modules that were in Drupal 7 are now ported to Drupal 8, so migration path from 7 to 8 is relatively easier than it used to be, in case you “Its not in D8 yes” was your problem statement.

If security is the only concern that you have for your Drupal 7 site, in that case you don’t need to worry since Drupal community will continue to support Drupal 7 for another 3 years(till 2021).

The pictorial representation below can help you visualizing the life cycle of Drupal 7/8/9

Honestly, the most important thing to do is actually build functioning sites with Drupal. Whether you're an experienced developer or a complete beginner, the same thing applies: only practice will truly teach you what you need to know. (Not to knock any of the formal learning options, like DrupalizeMe and BuildAModule! They're crucial tools. But only hands-on experience will matter in the end, especially for getting a job.)

That being said, here are some things to focus your energies on after you've done your first install and you want to learn more:

Understand the difference between “core” and “contributed” modules, know what contributed modules are considered essential, know how to work with the templating system, what entities are and how to relate them to each other, how to work with the code and database, using git, and using drush.

If you're an experienced developer, write a module. It doesn't have to do anything earth shattering, just making it work will teach you a lot. It will also enable you to understand how other modules work so you can contribute meaningfully.

Finally, understand that Drupal is more than software. “Come for the code, stay for the community” is a common saying in Drupal circles, and they mean it. Get familiar with the community. Hang out on groups.drupal.org, study the issue queues for modules that you've found useful, and find ways to contribute. (Even if you don't write code, you can contribute by testing, writing documentation, etc.) Join a local Drupal user group. There are two benefits to this - having a place to explore Drupal and ask questions, and networking so you hear about jobs. Attend regional Drupal gatherings and DrupalCon.

One other thing I would strongly suggest: Don't just learn Drupal 8. It's very different to Drupal 7, and a lot of sites are still running on Drupal 7. So getting work in a Drupal shop or freelancing will be easier if you understand both, and get the differences between them well enough to explain them to clients and help with migrations.

Hope all that is helpful! I haven't done a lot with Drupal 8 yet, and to be honest I have been focused on other platforms lately, so this was fun to write. :)

I would say it depends. I’ve built several Drupal 7 & 8 sites, and migrated two Drupal 8 sites. Basically, it all depends on how much custom work you had done, and which modules are required.

Know that it will be a complete rebuild and all custom functionality (template.php code, custom modules) and theme templates have to be rebuilt from the ground up. You can’t import settings from D7 modules, you’ll have to configure those in the admin. Migrating content has gotten better with v8.6, but you still have to configure the yml import files to migrate from the old database to the new DB.

I would build the site on D8 first, creating all of the fields and functionality, the last step is importing content.

I think, it totally depends upon time of your career. As you are saying you are newbie, you have to think what is long term & short term goals are. As per most of the people around Drupal developers community, Drupal has got steep learning curve. So you will have to spend enough time playing around different kind of things & start getting hands dirty with code.

Drupal Learning Curve:

Now if you are a student & have got a year or two to start being REAL productive, then Drupal 8 would be your best choice. You will learn everything what Drupal core provides & work around contributed modules. You can be part of many ongoing development of module which is being ported from Drupal 7 to 8 & learn a lot from them. Though I don’t think it would be possible to develop some complex application from contributed modules but personnel blog sites, college websites etc can be made.

But if you are about to start your career with Drupal & have very less time before you can be productive & start working with clients, then choose Drupal 7. As per my experience, even a small client projects needs many peculiar functionality. Coz if Drupal 7 being released in 2011 there are whole lot of modules & themes available today. I mean, Drupal 7 can help you start earning your bread & butter shortly. In long run, your learned architecture will help you going forward with any other version of Drupal. You can start exploring Drupal 8 soon, playing around available things & participating in ongoing events, code sprints etc. I think more people can help with Drupal 7 code in forums, StackExchange, IRC compare to Drupal 8 now because once in a while you have to depend upon community help for crucial demands of client.

Think of it in cool mind, plan & go. Most importantly, stick with it for sometime, give it a chance & you will have lots of fun in the end.

Best of Luck !!!

From the question, I am going ot make the assumption that since code is identified specifically, that we still have functional specifications, design and graphical work intact and are concerned with the effort of re-writing said software only.

For this, we might look at the lines of code. Not sure if this infographic is accurate, but it seems like a good place to start:

Drupal Code Base - Infogram, charts & infographics

FTA:

Total lines of code for Drupal 8:
PHP: 237,198
Tests:124,456
Javascript:37,587
CSS:10,817
Templates:1,415

**Please note that Drupal 8, incorporates the use of Symfony as a large component, I am fairly certain this is skewing the lines of code here, but let’s assume that we’re doing it from scratch with the numbers we have**

So we come out with roughly:

400,656 lines of PHP, JS, tests and Template code
10,817 of CSS, which I’m going to reduce to 2,000 with the assumption that our dev effort is preprocessing, and the actual count here is raw. I’m also going to assume we have a picky customer so our CSS is taking us as long as the PHP.

Then let’s look at:
How many lines of code do professional programmers write per hour?

And learn how bad of a metric this is, but continue to move forward.

Although many will argue the methodology and architecture of Drupal, I think most will agree that the code quality for core is above average, particularly for PHP :)

Let’s go with the top answer here of 18.6 lines of code per hour (We do not know what language this is, and many other factors, but this is a guess, and it also factors re-work which I presume happens quite often with security audits and the open nature of the development of a OpenSource CMS like Drupal.)

411,473 Lines of code / 18.6 lines per hour = 22,122 hours of effort

Of course, if the specifications and documentation is lost, that would add many additional considerations.

If we could assume that we have the original core development team for Drupal, so that they are largely reworking what they had done before, then I suspect the effort would be far less, and the product improved with the previous experience gained.

Hello,

Drupal 8 is much more flexible as compare to Drupal 7. Below I have listed some major difference between D8 and D7.

You can get more details in www.Drupal.org.

1. Drupal 8 has object oriented concept comes with symphony framework. It has MVC architecture, which helps to maintain code and reuse the code easily.
2. Admin configurations are mobile friendly I.e. responsive experience for users as well as administration.
3. Everything is bind to entity in new Drupal such as Taxonomy, user profile etc. The benefit of this is you can manage fields for these also in Drupal 8.
4. New modules added in Drupal 8 like Twig, provides ability to make changes quickly and effectively.
5. In Drupal 8, View is core module.
6. Picture module in Drupal 8 resizes the images for different screens.
7. While adding a fields to an entity new field types as email field and telephone provides validation of e-mail address and generates tel: link respectively.

Upgrading your Drupal 8/9 website to Drupal 10 involves a structured process. Here's a simplified outline:

1. **Check System Requirements**: Ensure your hosting environment meets Drupal 10's requirements.

2. **Backup**: Create a full backup of your Drupal 8/9 website, including files and the database.

3. **Update to the Latest Drupal 9**: Make sure your website is running the latest version of Drupal 9.

4. **Module and Theme Updates**: Ensure all contributed modules and themes are compatible with Drupal 10 or have updated versions available.

5. **Remove Deprecated Code**: Review your custom code and remove deprecated functions and features.

6. **Prepare for New Features**: Familiarize yourself with Drupal 10's new features and APIs.

7. **Update Contributed Modules and Themes**: Update all contributed modules and themes to their latest versions compatible with Drupal 10.

8. **Test Locally**: Create a local development environment and test the upgrade thoroughly to identify and resolve issues.

9. **Update Custom Code**: Modify any custom code, configurations, or themes that are incompatible with Drupal 10.

10. **Content Migration**: Plan and execute the migration of content, configurations, and user data to the Drupal 10 instance.

11. **Quality Assurance**: Conduct extensive testing to ensure all functionalities work as expected.

12. **Update Hosting**: Ensure your hosting environment meets Drupal 10's requirements, and update PHP, MySQL, or other components if necessary.

13. **Perform the Upgrade**: On your live server, perform the upgrade following Drupal's official documentation and guidelines.

14. **Post-Upgrade Testing**: After the upgrade, thoroughly test the website to catch any post-migration issues.

15. **Monitoring and Maintenance**: Keep a close eye on your website post-upgrade to address any unexpected issues promptly.

16. **Review Security**: Enhance security by reviewing permissions, access controls, and security configurations.

17. **Update Documentation**: Update any internal documentation and train your team on Drupal 10 features and changes.

18. **Performance Optimization**: Optimize the website's performance as needed.

19. **SEO Check**: Ensure that SEO settings, URLs, and redirects are configured correctly.

20. **Launch**: Once you are confident that everything is functioning correctly, launch your Drupal 10 website.

Remember that the complexity of the upgrade may vary depending on the size and complexity of your website and the modules/themes you use. Consider seeking professional assistance or consulting Drupal's official documentation for specific guidance on the upgrade process.

This is difficult to answer without more information - if you have no plans on altering the front-end, what are your reasons for making the jump? If it's primarily for an updated admin interface and not for any particular features, my suggestion would be to save yourself the headache and only expand when the scope of your project outgrows the confines of D6.

I might get chastised for this, but from a quick look at your site, I have one suggestion for you if your scope is remaining about the same but you want an updated interface- go the Wordpress route. I say this because the turnaround time (and learning curve) for converting an existing blog would be a lot quicker. I find myself only using D7 if the scope ABSOLUTELY calls for it. Otherwise, it's a lot of extra bootstrapping that you can avoid. You also have to consider that you have an entire database that you'll have to migrate (this is an upgrade, not a simple update)- there are tools for both Wordpress and D7 to do this, both with their own set of obstacles and pitfalls.

Now, playing the devil's advocate, converting to Drupal 7 would be worth the trouble if you want to learn the ins and outs of D7 along the way and weren't concerned with the time involved. A lot has changed! Both Wordpress and D7 will provide you with an active community, so I'd weigh the pros and cons of the time you want to invest in an update and, more importantly, the why. Hope this helps!

Here is a good starting point for you if you're considering it: Upgrading from Drupal 6 to 7

Drupal 9 is a major release from Drupal 8. And even then, support to upgrade is very much straight forward, probably as simple as a minor update.

You should migrate/upgrade from Drupal 7 to Drupal 8. Migrate if your application is big, and upgrade if it is a small one. And then incorporate deprecation checking tools into the migration process to make sure the upgrade is as Drupal 9 compatible as possible.

The important thing is for you to understand that the support for Drupal 7 and PHP 5 are both going to get extinct in the near future. And Drupal 9 and the latest of PHP 7 are here to stay for long. If you have not migrated or upgraded your Drupal 7 site yet, now is a very good time.

The best thing about Drupal 9 is it is almost the same as Drupal 8 so if your Drupal team can handle Drupal 8, they can handle Drupal 9 as well.

“The big deal about Drupal 9 is … that it should not be a big deal.”

if you are front end developer who working in drupal 7 projects , then there is a necessity to know php , while comparing drupal 8 front end templatinh engine is yml so it can be easy for theming drupal 8 projects.

Drupal 8 is integrated with symfony frame work which is using object oriented style of programming , so development perspective its easy to learn drupal 8 than drupal7 because of that more developers can be attracted to drupal 8.

Its more easy integrate third party services to drupal 8 because rest services modules integrated to drupal 8 core.

Migration for converting drupal 6 to drupal 7 concepts are drastically changed in converting drupa 6,7 to drupal 8.

Configuration mangament is widely changed on drupal 8 compared to drupal 7 and earlier versions

It can easily be imported amd exported to other drupal environments ,through yml type configurations.

Blocks are plugins in drupal 8,it can easily handled with fields compared to drupal 7

The upgrade guide that Doug Vann references is good, but I also found that the Drupal 8 documentation pages are required reading if you want to port your modules. I’ve just gone through them in excruciating detail to port my courses to Drupal 8. A slow process, but I’ve found everything I needed in them.

There are two sets of them:

1. This one is easier to read and often has better examples: Drupal 8 APIs
2. This one seems to have a more complete list of topics: Drupal 8.2.x | API reference

So, to port your module, I’d go through every subsystem your module uses and read the pages under both of those sections.

Also, make sure to read the pages on the Cache Metadata system here: Cache API

Even if you’re not doing anything special with caching in your module, Drupal 8 caches render arrays by default unless you tell it otherwise. If you don’t specify the cache metadata correctly, it could cause you problems. On the plus side, you don’t have to worry about clearing the caches yourself. You just have to tell Drupal 8 when to clear the cache, and it does it for you. It’s explained fairly well on those pages I linked to.

Good luck!

Drupal 9 and Drupal 8.9 are a lot similar to each other, however, the same cannot be said for versions 8.7 and earlier, which would lead us to believe that there is a difference between Drupal 8 and Drupal 9. This is why you would find that the upgrade process for specific versions of D8 to D9 is different.

Let’s understand how.

Version 8.7 and older

Drupal 8.7 and older versions aren’t really compatible with Drupal 9. This means all the modules, themes along with the codebase would need to be updated to a version compatible with the update and that is Drupal 8.8 or 8.9.

Without attaining the compatibility of each aspect of the preceding version to the succeeding, an update would not be likely. There are tools, like Upgrade Status (discussed in detail later), that help in ascertaining the compatibility, however, it would give an affirmative for 8.8 or later versions.

Once you gain that , with your APIs, database, modules, and themes, and be certain there is no deprecated code even in version 8.8.x, only then would you be able to run update.php and finally upgrade to Drupal 9.

Version 8.8 and later

Since it is advisable that you keep your projects updated to the latest version of Drupal, many of you might already still be on Drupal 8.8 or later.

If that is the case, your project would already be Drupal 9 compatible. All you would have to do then is check that compatibility and be certain it is there. You can do this by updating your contributed and custom modules and themes and using Upgrade Status check their concord and confirm the removal of deprecated code and move on to the update.

The upgrade process is somewhat similar to the previous one, it just has one less step.

The complete guide on upgrading from Drupal 8 to Drupal 9 can be accessed here:

The Drupal 7 menu system revolved around hook_menu(), which provided associations between paths and callback functions (controllers) and also served as a central place to provide menu items in different menus (mostly in the administration menu) associated with the paths, as well as providing tabs and action links on pages and contextual links for different paths. It also did access checking, entity loading, and so on and on. That is a lot to handle for one system.

function mymodule_menu() { 
  $items['example/%'] = array( 
    'title' => 'Example Page', 
    'page callback' => 'example_page', 
	'page arguments' => array(1), 
    'access arguments' => array('access content') 
  ); 
  return $items; 
} 

Drupal 8's routing system is heavily based on Symfony's. Drupal's routing system can do everything Symfony's can (and more), and both use the same syntax to define routes. The parts of hook_menu() that were used for creating menu entries, tabs, actions and contextual links are taken over by other subsystems.

example.name: 
  path: '/example/{name}' 
  defaults: 
    _controller: '\Drupal\example\Controller\ExampleController::examplePage' 
  requirements: 
    _permission: 'access content' 

Read more on D8 Routing System: Routing system overview

D7 Hook Menu: https://api.drupal.org/api/drupal/modules%21system%21system.api.php/function/hook_menu/7.x

Hello, Everyone

Drupal is the application web hosting in which Drupal is used for the large traffic websites.

If you never used Drupal before then no matters you can used it anyway and can have any version of the Drupal 7 or 8.Drupal 8 is the latest version which is updated version of Drupal.

You can have the so many options for Drupal application web hosting. there are companies which are providing web hosting for shared hosting, VPS hosting, dedicated hosting and many more.

DomainRacer is the best web hosting provider for Drupal hosting. It will offer you all the versions of Drupal like Drupal 7 and Drupal. It will offer the so many features which support the Drupal 8 very well.

• DomainRacer offers the easy installation process of Drupal application. The company offers the video series for the installation process of Drupal.
• 24 hours customer support team will guide users for any type of technical difficulties.
• This is the platform where you get all the options of web hosting and lots of free services like free SSL certification.
• All these services at affordable cost is offer by DomainRacer.

This must be the best choice of you for the Drupal web hosting.

Hope this answer will help you.

For several reasons.

1. Drupal 7 is in fact better. It supports something called entities which is a fancy database way of saying that you can reference anything in a content type or view, not just nodes or terms.
2. It is better in terms of security. And the EOL is expiring. The cheapest support contract at this time is $99/mo. which may not be the actual price, and which is kicking the can down the road. A support contract does allow you to stay on Drupal 6.
3. Everything is rebuilt in 7, right down to the admin toolbar. Each version learns a bit more.
4. With Drush, I hear you can do it quite seamlessly, but "don't take my word for it." I haven't used it myself. Search for supgrade and despite what Acquia says, do it on a local copy.

A standard Drupal project, with minimal custom development, may represent 6-8 weeks of work (or roughly $20,000 to $30,000), while a site with a large amount of custom development, complicated workflows, and a large number of content types may cost upward of $50,000.

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Drupal development can be your key to success. With the help of this amazing web development tool, you can implement a variety of different types of websites. Nevertheless, if you plan to create a complex solution like an e-commerce platform, Drupal, with its pricing for developer services, is still a great option

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Developing a corporate website is a serious step in growing your business. Once you enter the online market, your income and popularity can increase considerably. Thanks to its features, Drupal is a very good choice for those new to online business. We will present some expert opinions to answer the question "How much does it cost to build a Drupal website?" In addition, we will highlight the useful details you need to take into account before implementing your idea with Drupal.

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