In a city commission government, voters elect a small commission, typically from five to seven members, on a plurality-at-large basis. These commissioners constitute the legislative body of the city and as a group are responsible for taxation, appropriations, ordinances, and other general functions. Individual commissioners are assigned responsibility for a specific aspect of municipal affairs, such as public works, finance, or public safety. One commissioner is designated to function as chairman or mayor, but this was largely a procedural or ceremonial designation and typically did not involve significant additional powers beyond that exercised by the other commissioners. As such, this form of government blends legislative and executive branch functions in the same body. This form of government is used mostly in the South Florida region.

The council is the governing body of the municipal corporation and the custodian of its powers, both legislative and administrative. The Municipal Government Act provides that councils can only exercise the powers of the municipal corporation in the proper form, either by bylaw or resolution.

the Municipal Government Act, councillors have the following duties:

• To consider the welfare and interests of the municipality as a whole and, to bring to council's attention anything that would promote the welfare or interests of the municipality
• To participate generally in developing and evaluating the policies and programs of the municipality
• To participate in council meetings and council committee meetings and meetings of other bodies to which they are appointed by the council
• To obtain information about the operation or administration of the municipality from the chief administrative officer
• To keep in confidence matters discussed in private at a council meeting until discussed at a meeting held in public
• To perform any other duty or function imposed on councillors by this or any other enactment or by the council.

It depends on the municipality and its charter or governing documents. In Dallas commissioners are residents appointed by the elected City Council to serve on a wide variety of boards and commissions created by the council to serve in an advisory role.

These bodies cover subject matter from cultural affairs to animal welfare and zoning to housing finance. The boards review policy and make recommendations to the council for changes in city law, policies and administrative process. They also provide oversight of city departments and external organizations that receive city funds to support their mission, such as arts groups, or groups that are paid for providing services, such as homeless shelters.

In Texas, counties are governed by commissioners courts whose members are elected and serve at the county level in roughly the same way as city council members.

Finally, at the municipal level the duties and authority of city council members (probably the role the questioner had in mind) can vary depending on population and governance structure specified by the Texas Constitution and state law.

It all depends upon which district and which city in the question.

District Collector is the bureaucratic head of district administration and Municipal commissioner is bureaucratic head of City administration and both are normally from IAS.

Normally a city is a part of a district and in that case District collector is more powerful than City municipal commissioner, this applies to almost all Indian cities and districts.

However there are notable exceptions in case of large metro cities like Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore etc.

The exception here is that the City is much bigger than the district.

For example, Hyderabad city limits extends into 3 districts (One district completely and other two partially).

Mumbai City completely spanned across two districts. In this case, the Municipal commissioner of this Mumbai city is much powerful than the district collectors of both the districts.

Same case applies for Bangalore city and some others as well!

The best way answer yourself is by looking at the name of the person and which IAS batch that person is from. Normally the promotions in Government system is based on seniority amidst a fewer exceptions. So if your District collector is from 1993 IAS batch and your Municipal commissioner is from 1984 batch, this means your commissioner is much powerful.

It all depends on the “grade” attached to that particular post. Just to understand, a railway station master of Mumbai CST station is much superior to a Station master of say Bhandup suburban station even though both of their designation is same, that is “Station Master”, because the Station master “grade” for CST is of much superior grade.

Same things applies for IPS as well, your city police commissioner will be higher than your Superintendent of Police (SP) if your city is bigger than district.

Again its IAS vs IPS because Municipality system only exists in big and sub metropolitian cities and ofc the municipal commisioner of any metro City is an IAS cadre officer so he definitely holds immense power . Similarly the metro city’s law and order is maintained by the police force which in general has a commisionerate and the police commisioner is the head and incharge of the police dept and ofc he is an IPS officer appiointed by the central government with discussion of the state govt. So he has his own powers as well. Technically in cases of Districts the IAS and the State PCS officers have a lot more edge but in cases of Municipalities there are Chairpersons , mayors , deputy mayors and a lot of influence from the ministry as well so in most of the cases the power in the municipality is quite distributed among the executive officer and the legislative heads. Whereas for the police commisioner he is the only head of the dept so his executive departmental authority is 2nd to the Chief minister of the state hereby granting him immense decision making power. In case of non metropolitan districts the District magistrate , district collector or the Block development officer posseses immense power due to low interference from the ministry and hence they have a huge decision making power. Every IAS , IPS or State pcs officer is technicially very powerful but it all depends on where they are posted. If they are posted somewhere where there is a huge power distribution then despite being powerful they have hard time in taking decisions which require long level of discussions , and If they are posted somewhere they have to really handle the region like the authority then their power and their work generally gets noticed.

A deputy commisioner in most of the cases is an IAS officer in charge of revenue department of a district , he also has an additional law and order responsibility and implements and supervises the various developmental activities in his jurisdiction. A promoted PCS officer can also become a DC.
A DC is also equivalent to district magistrate or collectors in common language.
A divisional commisioner is a far more senior IAS officer(mostly) who is responsible for supervision of development works and law n order in a division. A division is a group of districts i.e. 3-4 districts usually but maybe more(for eg.gorakhpur div. consists of gorakhpur -gorakhpur ,deoria,kushinagar and maharajganj dist.)
A municipal commisioner has no law n order responsibility and he is associated or concerned only with the works and projects of municipal body that is the civic body responsible for maintenance and development of public places , roads and it also collects all the local taxes.
A municipal commisioner aids other elected representatives in discharge of their duties for which he has certain powers.
I HOPE THIS SUMS IT UP.

To provide services (police, fire, streets, parks, libraries) to the people living within its boundaries. It is chartered by the state to do so, and as such had limitations placed on its authority, both by general state municipal law but also often by “private acts” of the state legislature pertaining only to it (in some states, each municipal corporate charter is a separate private act).

Giving the municipality its “artificial personhood" enables it to do things on its own behalf, such as sue taxpayers for nonpayment, sue contractors for non-performance and the like. It can also contract for its own municipal liability insurance, so if someone, say, falls through an open manhole and is paralyzed from.the neck down for life that the resultant award does not cause Chapter 9 municipal bankruptcy or a quadrupling of local taxes. Also, when acting in good faith the mayor, councillorsvand other city officials are immune from being held liable for municipal acts. Here's an example of that: If I were to be shot wrongfully by a municipal police officer, Mt recourse is against the municipality, not the mayor or the police chief. However, were it to come out in civil discovery that the police chief told the mayor that the man was unqualified to serve and the mayor had told the chief, “I don't care, he's my wife's nephew and he needs a job,” then i might be able to get a court to find that I had a legitimate cause of action against the mayor personally. Remember hhow I am saying constantly that every case and every jurisdiction and every set of facts is always different?

Here is an excerpt from a letter I recently wrote my city.

The short answer: Protect the public health, the public morals, the public safety and the public welfare

As a city choses to enforce codes, there are 4 considerations of Due Process that must be stand the test of the law for a city’s enforcement to be legal.

1)

The private interest that will be affected by the official action

2)

The risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through procedures used and the probable value, if any, of additional safe guards.

3)

The dignitary interests in informing individuals of the nature, grounds, and consequences of the action and in enabling them to present their side of the story before a responsible government official.

4)

The governmental interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substantive procedural requirement would entail.

Note: Mathews, supra 424US at 334, People vs. Ramirez 25 CAL 3d 260, Horn v. County of Ventura (1979) 24 CAL 3d 605,612

There are a number of themes running through our laws Federal; 42 U.S. Code § 12181, State; CIV 1940, TRC 7280, CBC Section 202 Definitions; Logging House, HOTEL OR MOTEL, BOARDING HOUSE, TRANSIENT LODGING and 310.5.2. San Diego County and many California municipality codes including EMC Codes definitions; TRANSIENT HABITATION UNIT, BED AND BREAKFAST HOME and laws pertaining to short term rentals. The City of Encinitas is behind the Cities of Vallejo (VMC 16.06.490) and Colton ( CMC 18.04.438) and the County of San Diego Code 1545. In the recognition that there is a distinction between a facility that has 6 or more rooms for hire and one that has 5 or less rooms and is occupied by the owner. That for a facility to be for Transient Occupation, (A Short Term Rental), there are a number of amenities that should be provided or that the occupation be in a Tourist House or Tourist Home. A Owner Occupied facility of 5 rooms or less with no amenities is not Transient Occupation, therefore a city has limited rights to establish codes over this type of property use.

Federal and State Law protects the Short Term Rental of a room in an owner occupided single family dwelling from the requirements of other Transient Occupation facilities. At the core is the 4 th Amendment and the fundamental concept any governmental intrusion into an individual’s residence or expectation of privacy must be strictly circumscribed. As long as the occupation of the property does not exceed the limits of 503(b) of the Uniform Housing Code there is no threat to the public health, the public morals, the public safety or the public welfare. The operation of Short-Term Rental in an owner occupied single family dwelling is protected from government intrusion. The EMC already as ways to hold private homeowners accountable for any threat to the public health, the public morals, the public safety or the public welfare enshrined already. Further restrictions are not necessary.

Dear Client,

The District Collector is in charge of the district administration. In certain jurisdictions, they are also referred to as the District Magistrate (DM) or Deputy Commissioner (DC). The Indian Administrative Service (IAS) is responsible for this role. Upholding law and order in the district is the Collector's job. He is in charge of the district's land records and revenue management. The Collector is crucial in organising relief and recovery activities in the event of calamities or natural disasters.

Implementing programmes and plans for rural development falls within the purview of the Block Development Officer, an officer at the block level. The Indian Administrative Service or the State Civil Service frequently employs BDOs. Planning and carrying out block-level development projects, with an emphasis on rural areas, is the main responsibility of the BDO. To guarantee local administration and decentralised planning, the BDO collaborates closely with Panchayati Raj establishments. One of the BDO's main responsibilities is carrying out plans and programmes aimed at reducing poverty.

Hope this answer proves beneficial to you.

POLICE COMMISSIONER= Under the 7th schedule of the constitution, 'Police' is a subject of the state list, that is, every state has a law on this subject and controls the law and order. In the Commissionerate system, the Commissioner of Police is the head of the Unified Police Command Structure, which is responsible for the operation of law and order in the metropolis and is accountable to the state government.

Rights obtained under the Commissionerate system.‼ ️

1. The Commissioner of Police will have the powers to regulate, control and issue licenses along with executive and criminal powers.
   
   ◆ The Commissioner of Police will now also receive criminal powers under the Code of Criminal Procedure-CRPC, which was still available to the officers of the district administration.
   
   ◆ Under this, police commissioners will be able to implement sections 107-16, 144, 109, 110, 145 of CRPC.
2. Licenses, bar licenses and arms licenses will also be given by the police. Along with this, the power to allow and not allow the sit-in demonstration will also be concentrated in the hands of the police. In case of riots, lathi charge should be done or not, if the force is being used, then the police will also decide how much force will be used.
3. After the implementation of the Police Commissionerate system, the executive and criminal powers of the District Magistrate and Deputy District Magistrate will be given to the police, which can range from detention in the fear of breach of peace to Gunda Act, Gangster Act and Rasuka.

• MUNICIPAL COMMISSIONER=

• Every municipal corporation in India is administratively headed by a municipal commissioner, who is the head of the municipal corporation, the form of government which is usually granted to a city of more than one million in population.
• finally you can see both commissioners are working in their own domain
• where police commissioner work to control the crime and maintains law and order of the city.
• Where municipal commissioner
• 1.Signing bills which were passed by standing committee of Municipality.

2.Presiding over meeting,seminars.

3.Implementation of Government Schemes.

4.Improving functionality of administration.

5.Looking after all committees of Municipality.

6.Mayor is sworn-in by Divisional Commissioner.

7.Presenting Annul Budget for the city

8.Taking actions against corruption.

In the UK government has more power as it rises in tiers:

Parish Councils: Based on the old church parish areas similar to manors. They deal with small very local issues. They may comment on planning applications but cannot block them. They are really a conduit into…

District/Borough Councils. These are based on major towns and the surrounding rural areas. They deal with environmental health, licensing, planning, benefits, and democratic services

County Councils: These deal with education, social care, emergency planning etc.

Metropolitan Councils: They deal with the same issues as County Councils in urban issues.

◾Mayor’s are head of municipal Council of the Town, they are elected directly by Voters of that Particular Area in some of the Indian states and not in others, For more, Mayor - Wikipedia

◾Collector is not elected by voters of the District but he/she is shortlisted and appointed by the Governemnt, Collector looks at the Whole Administration of District.

◾Sarpanch, is elected by voters of the Village and he is the Head of Panchayat.

Panchayat plays Quasi Judicial Functions and they, the Panchayats are competent to adjudicate small issues arising within the Village.

◼ B.D.O. stands for Block development officers, as the Post/Designation itself suggests that, B.D.O. has the primary function to Develop Blocks, B.D.O.’s appointed by Governement Concerned.

Let me ask a question before attempting to answer it.Islands constitute a small part of the Landmass of the Earth we live in . Let’s try to find out the difference between an island & a country.Now coming to the answer both the the officers(BDO & the Collector are the principal officers in the area of their jurisdiction.The human body functions through different organs-eyes,ears,hand….- In a small analogy the BDO & the Collector are to the Govt. what the organs are to the body. The difference between them are-BDO’s activities are limited to the block while the Collector is connected with the District.

Municipal Commissioner can be an IAS or an officer from the Provincial Civil Services. He need not always be an IAS. It depends much on the Home ministry of a state about the officer they want to appoint as the commissioner of a municipality at a given time.

Generally, Senior officers from the provincial services, or a comparatively junior IAS is appointed to the post. It also depends upon the size and importance of the town. In smaller towns, PCS officers generally hold the responsibility and in capitals and other important towns generally it is an IAS more often.

Although not directly associated with the question, but I remember an instance from the days when I used to be in Patna, Mr. Kuldeep Narayan was the Municipal Commissioner. He had differences with the then mayor, who was backed by the ruling party. Mr. Narayan was suspended and had to face much heat. He was an IAS and had been DM in a district earlier. The association and High Court stood by him and state govt. had to roll back. Imagine the situation had he been an officer from state services cadre!

Similarly, when a young IAS in Varanasi was taking actions against encroachments, the whole lobby went against him. Again, had there been an officer from subordinate services, he could have probably found it tough to stand against them. So, apart from administration, there is another perspective behind appointing an IAS in larger municipalities, that they can deal the lobbyists and those in power in a better way!

In theory the ideal democracy would be a direct one-person, one-vote affair, where each voter represents their own interests. This is exemplified by the Athens of Antiquity. Citizens were obligated to be conversant in the issues of the day and able to vote their own interests. As populations have grown, and knowledge deeper and more complex, government became ever less efficient and eventually unworkable. Hence, the rise of republican or representative government. This form employs citizens to vote for their ‘representative’ to best represent said citizen’s interests in a more complex social and political environment. The end result is said to express democratic ideals though no longer a direct democracy, which remains the ideal. Today, the smaller the constituency, or number of citizens, the more responsive their elected representative can be to citizens interests. In Los Angeles, for example, City Council districts include over 200,000 constituents, and are sub-divided into Neighborhood Councils to further devolve the political apparatus closer to the citizens. The basic premise remains the same, the intent always to enable citizens representatives to be more responsive to their constituents.

A Municipal Corporation is a Local Governing Body which is made legal by a State Government Legislation.

It can be headed by an elected Mayor or a Municipal Commissioner.

The Municipal Commissioner is the head of the Municipality and does not report to anyone. He is normally an IAS officer appointed by the State Govt Department of Local Self Government.

His rights, privileges and duties are governed by the Bye-Laws of the Municipality and the Laws of Local Self Government.

Often there is a Development Authority in large Metropolitan cities. Or a City Improvement Trust. These bodies are constituted by the government to develop the city and improve its infrastructure. These bodies may or may not have rights to levy taxes on the citizens who live in the area they govern. They are usually funded, both capital and revenue, by grants from State or Central Governments. They can also take loans from financial institutions like LIC or NURM to invest in infrastructure. The head of these bodies is usually an IAS Officer and is appointed by the State Govt

I think ADC quite powerful.

Because he has experience than AC(IAS). ADC says who is powerFull between ADC vs AC because he is an additional DC. Assistant commissioner is a entry level. In Most of the cases, PCS officers become ADC. AC can become CEO, then DC. Assistant commissioner is an entry level post of IAS. AC have to learn from ADC.

Even AC have numerous powers than ADC becbecause He is an IAS. I think it's all depends upon the Attitude of officers.

I have seen a news today that SDM(IAS) gave order to those subordinates of ADM. Because ADM used to send them to buy alcohol, chicken. Thus, SDM ordered ADM’s subordinates to not to buy chicken, alcohol and his personal needs.

Thus, it's all depends on the behavior of IAS officer. You must have a courage to become IAS.

Attitude of an IAS must be like a Boss.

Indian view.

A municipal councillor is not a gazetted Officer in any form.

He is only an elected nominee of the public and has a membership in a political aspect. Even members of the legislative assembly or members of parliament are not gazetted officers.

None of the above have attestation powers and cannot confer oaths and attest them in order to make the affirming individual bound by the contents of the document contained in the statement.

Yes all of the above are respectable nominees of the public and the public has chosen them to represent the public in various situations and bodies. All them can identify the person’s photograph and identify the identity of the signatory. The said act though not legal attestation in every aspect does certainly act somewhat parallel to an attestation made by a gazetted Officer or and other authority empowered to confer an oath and attest the document so as to make him liable in case of false disclosures in the document. Per se presumption of the identity of the executor is attached to such attested documents.

In case the photograph or document is identified by a MC, MLA or MP then again legal action can be taken in case of false statement but in such a case the identifying MC etc. shall have to step in the witness box and prove the identity of the executor so as to make the executor liable got any wrong of false statement. This takes long time and legal action which can be taken against a person making wrong and false statement is somewhat of a civil nature as infringement of a contract etc. whereas documents attested by a gazetted Officer or a notary make the executor liable to face penal action in case of false statements.

Hope I have clarified the issue beyond doubt.