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Definition :

It is an acute infectious disease characterized by extensive Vasculitis.

Etiology :

1. Causative agent - Leptospirosis pathogen belongs to the genus of leptospira nogyachi
2. They are divided into 2 kinds - Parasitic & Saprophytic.
3. The average length of leptospires is 10–14 mkm, the number consists of 10–12.

Clinical Features :

1. Incubation Period is 7–20 days.
2. Temperature - 38–39° C
3. Headache, pain in muscles of scalp, neck, back & abdomen.
4. Enlargement of peripheral lymphatic nodes.
5. Bradycardia, Arrhythmia
6. Affection of Liver, Kidneys, CNS, Heart & Adrenal glands.
7. Yellow color of the skin.

Complication :

1. Acute Renal failure
2. Massive Hemorrhages
3. Cardio-Vascular failure
4. Edema of cerebrum
5. Dimness of Vitreous body of eyes.

Diagnostics :

• Bacteriological Test
• Patient’s Blood, Cerebrospinal fluid or Urine is centrifuged.
• The product is investigated with microscope in a dark floor.
• Leptospires are found as thin sinous mobile threads that look grayish-whitish.
• Serological Investigation
• It is done to find antibodies in the serum of sick people.
• The reaction of microscopic agglutination & lysis are done by a drop method with various serums of patients blood and with thoise of leptospira serotypes.
• In positive case there are phenomena of sticking together, the leptospira agglomeration is form of small spiders.

Treatment :

1. Combination of antibiotics and anti-leptospirosis immunoglobulin such as Benzylpeniccillin, tetracyclin, erythromicin, & streptomycin.
2. Prednisilone (60–120 mg) are used for de-intoxication and improvement of micro-circulation in vien.
3. Infusion of blood plasma red cell mass & Albumin are indicated at bleeding.
4. In occurrence of Renal insufficiency, repeated lavages of stomach and intestine with 2–4% of sodium hydrocarbonate, intravenous infusion of 40% of glucose solution.